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In the Fourth Edition of Scale Development, Robert F. DeVellis demystifies measurement by emphasizing a logical rather than strictly mathematical understanding of concepts. The text supports readers in comprehending newer approaches to measurement, comparing them to classical approaches, and grasping more clearly the relative merits of each. This edition addresses new topics pertinent to modern measurement approaches and includes additional exercises and topics for class discussion.

• Sales Rank: #69483 in Books
• Published on: 2016-04-25
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.90" h x .60" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 280 pages

Review
“This is the foremost text on scale development for both the experienced and novice researcher alike.” (Richard Conti)

“The Fourth Edition captures the recent development in measurement (e.g., alternatives to Alpha, bifactor model, hierarchical factor model, and available tools in R) by explaining concepts using accessible languages and examples.” (Shuyan Sun)

“The Fourth Edition of Scale Development incorporates practical examples and exercises to aid in student learning and understanding the fundamentals of measurement. The text continues to be a go-to resource for scholars and students alike.”  (Stephen W. Dittmore)

PRAISE FOR THE PREVIOUS EDITION

“The key strength of this text is its ability to present the basic and necessary background on scale construction and measurement for the subsequent material, either in the context of the same first-year graduate course or in future courses during a masters and PhD program.” (René Bautista)

“This book does an excellent job in explaining complicated topics in test construction at a level that students can understand. The use of specific examples that demonstrate key points is very effective.” (Jonathan Feldman, Yeshiva University)

About the Author

Prior to retiring in 2012, Robert F. DeVellis was Professor in the Department of Health Behavior,  (Gillings School of Global Public Health) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. DeVellis has more than 35 years of experience in the measurement of psychological and social variables. He has been an active member of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) consortium, a multisite National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap initiative directed at identifying, modifying, testing, and disseminating outcome measures for use by NIH investigators. His role in PROMIS was as network-wide domain chair for Social Outcomes. He has served on the Board of Directors for the American Psychological Association’s Division of Health Psychology (38), on the Arthritis Foundation’s Clinical/Outcomes/Therapeutics Research Study Section, and on the Advisory Board of the Veterans Affairs Measurement Excellence Initiative. He is the recipient of the 2005 Distinguished Scholar Award from the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals and  is an associate editor of Arthritis Care and Research. In addition, he has served as guest editor, guest associate editor, or reviewer for more than two dozen other journals. He has served as principal investigator or co-investigator since the early 1980s on a series of research projects funded by the federal government and private foundations.  He remains intellectually active in his editorial role and as a consultant on a variety of projects.

Most helpful customer reviews

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
It is easily accessible (i
By angel00seven
I am using this book for a scale development course at university. It is easily accessible (i.e. well-written). Most helpful in building a framework of scale development process, plus providing enough detail regarding things to consider, for example in and how to proceed with the item writing process and more. All in all, a great book, and well worth to have.

13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Solid Help for First-Time Scale Developers
By John M. Ford
My colleague Doug recently completed a research study on the level of engagement in the Federal workforce. He used data from a 2005 governmentwide survey of nearly 37,000 Federal employees. Although Doug has a solid background in Federal employment issues like employee engagement, this was the first time he used a group of survey questions to create and analyze a measurement scale. This book is one of the resources Doug used to make his project a success.

Robert DeVellis's book covers the fundamentals of social science scale development in a straightforward manner. This book explains basic measurement concepts clearly and contains sufficient practical guidance to support construction of a working scale. The reader will need to obtain access to a statistical program and instruction in its use from another source.

Chapter 1 briefly reviews the history of social science measurement, including the role played by statistics and psychophysics. A discussion of the relationship between theory and measurement includes the risks of careless measurement practice. It ends on page 13 with a useful one-paragraph preview of the remaining seven chapters. Chapter 2 defines the relationship between constructs and the measures that allow us to observe them. It introduces path diagrams and outlines the assumptions of classical measurement theory. Chapter 3 defines measurement reliability and introduces coefficient alpha as a measure of the internal consistency of a scale. More advanced reliability topics are outlined with some reference to formulas and covariance matrices.

The next two chapters are the book's core. Chapter 4 defines content, criterion-related, construct and face validity and distinguishes between validity and accuracy. The discussion of validity coefficients and multi-method multi-trait approaches to studying validity equip the reader to understand validity studies in the measurement literature. Chapter 5 lays out an eight-step process for developing a scale of questions to measure some construct of the reader's choice. These steps are (slightly reworded):

- 1. Define clearly what you want to measure.
- 2. Create a set of draft questions.
- 3. Select a common format and set of answer options for the questions.
- 4. Have experts review and revise the questions.
- 5. Consider using "social desirability" or similar questions.
- 6. Field test the questions with "real people."
- 7. Analyze the results of your field test.
- 8. Decide how many questions--and which questions--to keep.

The real value in this book is the practical guidance given for each of these steps. There is enough here to get you through your first project, but not so much that it overwhelms.

Chapter 6 introduces factor analysis as a statistical procedure that helps scale developers understand how their scale works, particularly if there are two or three different things that the scale is measuring. The author does an excellent job explaining the concepts of factor analysis, how to select the right kind of analysis, and how to interpret the results without becoming mired in unnecessary technical detail. Chapter 7 is a similarly elegant treatment of item response theory. The reader is convinced that scale items each have a certain difficulty for test takers and a certain ability to discriminate between groups of test takers. The chapter explains these and related concepts sufficiently to illustrate their usefulness, leaving interested readers to learn more in one of the cited references. The final chapter encourages readers to take a broad, contextual view of measurement and sends them on their way to develop their scales.

Other sources are a better choice if you need a deeply technical reference about measurement (Psychometric Theory), factor analysis (Latent Variable Models and Factor Analysis), or item response theory (Item Response Theory for Psychologists). If you are developing your first scale--like Doug--or if you are often asked "How do I make a scale to measure this?" then you want this book close at hand.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Great Intro
By sand57
This book is a great introduction to psychometrics. If you knowledge of scale creation is somewhere between nothing and a moderate amount, then this book is for you. The book contains many helpful hints (such as how to generate questions/items) and helps make sure that you have a solid psychometrics foundation. So, make sure that you read it before you create your scale and pilot test it.

However, the book does not always give a ton of details. This can be both positive and negative. It is more of an outline about what to do than a detailed step-by-step guide. For instance, it explains how reliability is calculated for a 5-point scale (e.g., strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) but it does not explain how reliability is calculated for a dichotomous scale (e.g., true, false). Other times, though, it gives solid details (e.g., your scale's pilot test should contain 3-4 times the number of items you want your final scale to have).

Nevertheless, if you need to brush up on scale creation concepts, you can read this entire book in a weekend and be in good shape. If you have ever taken an introduction to statistics course, then you will not be overwhelmed by the statistics in this book as the book is much more conceptual than technical.

I'd recommend that you buy it and keep it on your shelf as a quick reference guide. I plan on referring back to it frequently, but I also plan on buying a more detailed psychometrics book.

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[W405.Ebook] PDF Ebook Star Wars ABC-3PO: Alphabet Book, by Calliope Glass, Caitlin Kennedy

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Experience the ABC's like never beforeWith galactic friends who are hardly a bore.From Akbar to Zeb, this nice little primerWill teach you and make you an excellent rhymer.So, Padawans, prepare, get ready, get setTo learn the ways of the Force--and the alphabet!

• Sales Rank: #2929 in Books
• Brand: Disney Press
• Published on: 2016-06-14
• Released on: 2016-06-14
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 7.75" h x .38" w x 7.75" l, 1.70 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 48 pages

Features

• Fully illustrated book
• Appeals both to young readers and the adult collectors

About the Author



Katie Cook is an illustrator and writer who has been creating work for Star Wars professionally for almost a decade, and unprofessionally with crayons since the mid-1980's. She lives in Michigan with her husband, her daughters and lots of Star Wars toys. . . er, collectibles.

Most helpful customer reviews

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Adorable!
By Nicole B
This book is so fun! Each letter has its own little poem and some are funny and very creative. I love reading this book to my little one and if they make any more in this series I'll definitely buy them!

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
BEST CHILDREN'S STAR WARS BOOK EVER
By KC Mobile DJ
Boy was I excited when my 2 year old daughter declared how much she loved Star Wars. I immediately bought "Vader's Little Princess" but that book was complete crap. No story, no substance. It's not a book you can read to a toddler. It's a chuckle for Star Wars dads to throw on their shelf and collect dust.

Not this gem. This teaches the ABCs, plenty of information about Star Wars so she can learn more about the franchise and is just overall adorable. Her favorite book and has to be read several times a day.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Katie Cook is an amazing artist and brings cute to world of Star Wars
By Manny
Though the rhymes are cute... It's the illustrations that make it a 5 star!!! Katie Cook is an amazing artist and brings cute to world of Star Wars!!!

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[S133.Ebook] Download Medicine and Warfare: Spain, 1936-1939 (Routledge/Canada Blanch Studies on Contemporary Spain), by Nicholas Coni

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This original work examines the differences in medical advances on the two sides of the Spanish Civil War. Covering all aspects of medical treatment during the war, Coni covers new ground with great aplomb and delivers a book which will interest scholars involved with medical history as well as those interested in contemporary European history.

• Sales Rank: #5413917 in Books
• Published on: 2014-02-15
• Released on: 2014-02-14
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 11.69" h x .66" w x 8.27" l, .0 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 292 pages

Review

"Nicholas Coni's book will be welcomed not only by students of the period but by those concerned to understand more generally the interactions between the waging of war and the practice of medicine … there cannot be many who would not gain something valuable from it." – Medicine, Conflict, and Survival

"This is an important read for anyone interested in the history of military medicine, and will also prove of value for students of the Spanish Civil War." - The NYMAS Review

About the Author
Nicholas Coni is a member of the Retired Fellows Society, Royal Society of Medicine. Previously, he was Consultant Geriatrician, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, and Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Spain and the Development of Modern Military Medicine
By Albert A. Nofi
A summary of the review on StrategyPage.Com:

'A study of the “largely overlooked medical, surgical, and nursing implications” of the Spanish Civil War. Opening with a survey of prewar medicine in Spain, Coni observes that while quite up to date, the profession was not prepared for the demands of a full scale war. Shifting easily between the two sides, Coni follows with chapters addressing the response of the medical profession to the war and the problem of recruiting and training nurses (particularly given prewar they were usually nuns). There are chapters on caring for wounds, the first widespread use of blood transfusions, coping with famine and disease, the medical organization of both sides, the medical service of the International Brigades, and foreign medical support to the Nationalists. One chapter uses case studies of some campaigns to illustrate the increasing sophistication of the medical services, and is followed by one with profiles of various important individuals. The book ends with a look at the postwar impact of the wartime experience on Spain. Coni argues that despite obstacles, including political interference, each side evolved effective medical services. While he fails to discuss the broader influence of the Spanish experience on military medical in other countries, tending to see it as “overlooked,” this is an important read for anyone interested in the history of military medicine, and will also prove of value for students of the Spanish Civil War.'

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Southeast Asia is going through tremendous changes. The market-oriented economies of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand have been showing robust growth, particularly before the Asian financial crisis of 1997/98. The transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam are also exhibiting signs of economic awakening and revival after years of internal political and social turmoil. Despite these encouraging signs, the region still has a long road ahead to achieve developed nation status. Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead is a serious and concise study on various important economic aspects of Southeast Asia. Existing economic studies on the region are mainly topical in nature. Most of the publications only attempt to offer a partial treatment of the issues and fail to examine these issues in a holistic manner. The objective of this book is to provide a more complete cross-country discussion on the economic issues and problems facing Southeast Asia. The book critically examines the multiple facets of changes and problems that have been and will be encountered by Southeast Asia.

• Sales Rank: #5854222 in Books
• Brand: Brand: World Scientific Pub Co Inc
• Published on: 2004-02-04
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.64" h x 1.09" w x 6.50" l, 1.80 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 476 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
Lim Chong Yah is both a technically competent academic economist and a long-time participant in the policy evolution of the area -- Journal of Asian Business "Journal of Asian Business"

About the Author
Born in the British Straits Settlement of Malacca in 1932, Lim Chong Yah was awarded a Malacca Settlement Scholarship to study Economics at the University of Malaya, then located in Singapore. Later, he won a British Commonwealth Scholarship to read Economics at the University of Oxford, where he obtained his doctorate. He taught Economics at the University of Malaya (in Kuala Lumpur), where he became the first Head of the Division of Applied Economics. Subsequently he was Reader and later Professor and Senior Professor of Economics at the University of Singapore (later renamed the National University of Singapore), where he was also Head of the Department. He is currently Professor of Economics at the Nanyang Technological University and Emeritus Professor at the National University of Singapore. For his eminent scholarship and outstanding public service, Prof Lim has received many distinguished awards, including The Distinguished Service Award by the National Trades Union Congress in 1999 and The Distinguished Service Order (Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang) by the Singapore Government in 2000. There is also a professorship under his name, established by the National University of Singapore. He was conferred the Doctor Honoris Causa by Soka University in Japan, awarded an Honorary Professorship by Hainan University, and appointed Honorary Chairman of the Hainan University Council by the Provincial Government of Hainan. Indiana University conferred on him the John W Ryan Alumni Award for "Distinguished Contribution to International Education".

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• Sales Rank: #2538339 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Aspen Publishers
• Published on: 2005-06-03
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.50" h x .50" w x 6.25" l, .70 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 240 pages

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[P991.Ebook] Download PDF The Dimensions of Parking, by Urban Land Institute, National Parking Association

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(Originally published as hardcover edition in 2010) Just as the fundamental business strategies of other property types have evolved, so have parking technologies, policies, design, and business models. This edition is the result of a collaborative effort between the Urban Land Institute and the National Parking Association. Written by a team of experts, this book covers every aspect of parking. Analyzing the requirements of both free and pay parking lots, this reference reveals the best practices for planning, designing, financing, building, and operating an efficient facility. Parking studies and expert practitioners provide insights and solid how-to information on zoning requirements, automated structures, spacing geometrics, drainage and ventilation systems, security considerations, and more.

• Sales Rank: #635959 in Books
• Published on: 2014-09-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.90" h x .70" w x 7.90" l, .0 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 170 pages

About the Author
Urban Land Institute is a nonprofit research and education organization devoted to the responsible use of land and the creation and maintenance of thriving communities worldwide. National Parking Association is an international network of more than 1,200 companies representing thousands of parking-industry professionals. 

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The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture provides an introduction to the key elements of this broad field. From climate change to sustainable communities, landscape architecture is at the forefront of today's most crucial issues.

This book explains the process of designing for sites, calling upon historical precedent and evolving philosophies to discuss how a project moves from concept to realization. It serves as a guide to the many specializations within landscape architecture, such as landscape strategy and urban design.

• Sales Rank: #363016 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Fairchild Books
• Published on: 2009-05-15
• Released on: 2009-05-15
• Original language: French
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.10" h x .67" w x 7.97" l, 1.64 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 200 pages

Features

• ISBN13: 9782940373918
• Condition: New
• Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!

Review
This book is a handy reference and easy to use especially for students ... The timeline especially is very good.

About the Author
Tim Waterman has worked on numerous large-scale strategic and master planning projects in central London and southeast England. He lectures in landscape architecture at the Writtle School of Design, UK.

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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
I would strongly recommend this book if you are interested in studying or starting a career in Landscape Architecture
By lynsey
The book begins with an easy-to-follow yet informative overview of landscape history accompanied by some beautiful imagery of prominent projects.

The following chapters guide the reader through the various stages of the design process right from the initial site investigation to ideas for final representation. The book includes work from several influential designers, past and present, as well as a really useful directory of contacts and resources, at the back of the book.

In my opinion, one of the key successes of this book is that it clearly informs the reader of the huge range of roles and subject areas that exist within landscape architecture, such as landscape management and conservation, design for public spaces within cities as well as the role that Landscape Architects will play in relation to climate change and sustainability.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Best "textbook" I've ever purchased!
By flink82
I needed this book for an Intro to Landscape Architecture class, and I have to say that I'm more and more impressed the further I read. Basically, it's the most concise yet complete and informative "textbook" I've ever purchased for an introduction to a new subject. (I have the word "textbook" in quotes since you could certainly own this book for any reason other than school and you'd still be happy with it.) I'm enjoying the way the information is laid out and I appreciate how easy it is to comprehend. If you are even just a little bit curious about Landscape Architecture, you won't regret adding this book to your library!

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Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
Came in great timing and is of perfect quality. Couldn't ask for better.

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Starting from the 1960's, yoga books and nearly all yoga teachers started to promote the deep-breathing myth: one should breathe more air (even at rest) and expel "toxic" CO2. However, hundreds of clinical studies showed and proved that hyperventilation reduces oxygen levels in cells, while CO2 is crucial for health.
Deep breathing, as during pranayama, only looks deep. In reality, as ancient yoga texts teach, pranayama should be done with maximum breath holds and accumulation of CO2 in order to have slower breathing after the practice and 24/7. Only with progress in pranayama (extension of all stages), one can get main yoga benefits, weight loss and other effects. 
Millions of people believe in a myth that gaining health improvements from practicing yoga is about performing progressively more difficult poses. However, you can practice poses for months or years, but this does not provide any guarantee that your health is going to improve.

Yoga benefits and true yoga spirit, as ancient yoga Sanskrit books teach, are in breathing less air 24/7, even less than the tiny medical respiratory norm. Then one can expect more oxygen in the brain and other organs, normal body weight, short natural sleep, and experience real measurable yoga benefits. Here are general ideas that are confirmed by hundreds of clinical studies quoted in this book:

Severely sick and hospitalized people
* Respiratory frequency at rest and during sleep: >25 breaths/min
* Body oxygenation (result for the CP test):

• Sales Rank: #411157 in Books
• Published on: 2012-10-26
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x .56" w x 6.00" l, .37 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 220 pages

From the Author
Content of the book
Introduction
Who has special restrictions, limitations, and temporary contraindications

1. Yoga and breathing
1.1 The role of breathing in modern yoga
1.2 Contemporary yoga leaders about breathing
1.3 Traditional yoga about breathing

2. Physiology and medicine about normal breathing
2.1 Physiological norms for breathing at rest
2.2 Modern healthy people breathe very little
2.3 Other parameters of normal breathing

3. You are a ... heavy breather
3.1 Breathing in people with heart disease
3.2 "Asthmatic" means a deep breather
3.3 Deep breathing in people with diabetes
3.4 People with other chronic diseases are also heavy breathers
3.5 Over 90% of modern people, you probably included, breathe too much air

4. Effects of deep breathing (hyperventilation)
4.1 Hypocapnia (or CO2 deficiency in the blood and cells)
4.2 Vasoconstriction
4.3 Suppressed Bohr effect
4.4 Less oxygen for cells
4.5 CO2 is crucial for mental health
4.6 Other hypocapnia- and hypoxia-related effects

5. How to measure breathing and body oxygenation
5.1 Could we measure total body O2 using devices?
5.3 How to measure body O2 (details)
5.4 MCP (morning CP): your main health parameter
5.4 Buteyko Table of Health Zones
5.5 Practical considerations

Level 3. Ideal or normal health
6. Practical activities for progress in yoga
6.1 Using the morning CP and CP
6.2 Contraindications and restrictions in relation to breathing exercises and breathing retraining
6.3 Preconditions for breathing exercises
6.4 Yoga breathing exercises: slow long type (pranayama)
6.5 Keeping track of results in a daily log
6.6 Advanced pranayama sessions
6.7 Overtraining and other possible dangers
6.8 Yoga breathing exercises: fast short bhastrika

7. Practicing yoga asanas
7.1 Yoga Asanas: general questions
7.2 How to breathe correctly during asanas?
7.3 Which asanas are the most important and why?
7.4 How to practice asana technically, to get most benefits
7.5 Three tips for beginners

8. Lifestyle changes
8.1 Supine sleep
8.2 Mouth breathing
8.3 Is physical activity an important factor?
8.4 Earthing
8.5 Nutritional deficiencies
8.6 Overeating causes overbreathing
8.7 Overheating makes us breathe more
8.8 Poor posture and tense muscles
8.9 Do we breathe more while talking?
8.10 Toxic chemicals and pollutants from air, water, food, and other sources
8.11 Psychological stress
8.12 Other factors
8.13 These factors are individual

9. Yoga benefits in relation to chronic diseases
9.1 Respiratory diseases
9.2 Cardiovascular diseases
9.3 Hormonal conditions
9.4 Gastrointestinal problems
9.5 Diseases of kidneys and urinary tract
9.6 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
9.7 Skin diseases
9.8 Allergies and Immunodeficiency

10. Other yoga benefits due normalization of breathing
10.1 Physiological and neurological changes
10.2 General psychological and social changes
10.3 Biochemical effects
10.4 Technical skills
10.5 Changes in physical and general sport skills

Conclusions
Recommended reading
About the author Dr. Artour Rakhimov

About the Author
Artour Rakhimov, PhD, is internationally known for his work as a scientist, writer, and breathing trainer and teacher. He is a natural health care practitioner who has transformed thousands of lives over the past 12 years. Dr. Artour Rakhimov is engaged in dispelling popular myths related to respiration and bringing innovations and knowledge into the mainstream of medicine, alternative health, and society. He is the inventor of the Amazing DIY Breathing Device and the author of the world's largest website devoted to breathing retraining for real health through higher body oxygenation. Dr. Artour Rakhimov maintains a personal practice in Toronto, Canada, where he lives.

Biography details:
* High School Honor student (Grade "A" for all exams)
* Moscow University Honor student (Grade "A" for all exams)
* Moscow University PhD (Math/Physics), accepted in Canada and the UK
* Winner of many regional competitions in mathematics, chess and sport orienteering (during teenage and University years)
* Good classical piano-player: Chopin, Bach, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven, Strauss (up to now)
* Joined Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in 2001
* Former captain of the ski-O varsity team and member of the cross-country skiing varsity team of the Moscow State University, best student teams of the USSR
* Total distance covered by running, cross country skiing, and swimming: over 100,000 km or over 2.5 loops around the Earth
* Author of the publication which won Russian National 1998 Contest of scientific and methodological sport papers
* Former individual coach of world-elite athletes from Soviet (Russian) and Finnish national teams who took gold and silver medals during World Championships
* Whistleblower and investigator of suicide-massacres and other crimes organized worldwide by GULAG KGB agents using the fast total mind control method
* Practitioner of the New Decision Therapy and Kantillation 
* Level 2 Trainer of the New Decision Therapy

Most helpful customer reviews

10 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Very Provocative View of the Art of Breathing
By Phil Calandra
This is a very interesting book that disputes some commonly held theories on breathing. The main contention is that we benefit from breathing less than from breathing more and that, as a result, there is an increase in oxygen and CO2. Surprisingly, this increase in CO2 is a positive influencee on our health. The author provides numerous scientific studies backing up his assertions and it appears that there is more than enough evidence supporting these studies. However, these scientific studies are voluminous, somewhat lengthy and important only to the most scientific minded readers. Perhaps these studies should have been indexed rather than placed in the text of the book. Lastly, although the author does a first rate job in proving this theory, he does very little in explaining the technique. This technique of breathing was developed by Konstantin Buteyco and is very similar to some ancient yogic practices. Further information can be obtained from the internet under Buteyco. There are also several breathing devices including the Frolov Device, Ultrabreathe, Expand-A-Lung and others that can be used in conjunction with the Buteyco Technique for quicker progress.

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Yoga Breathing Benefits
By Lori Loudon
This book is really eye-opening, even to a longtime practitioner of yoga. I guess I never fully understood just how important breathing properly really is. After reading this book, I know I will get even more benefit from my yoga sessions.

Anyone who does yoga needs to read this book.

7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
don't do yoga until you read this first!
By Boogeytent
This book was so good I couldn't stop reading until I finished the entire thing. If you are new to the Buteyko breathing method then you might not know any of the info in this book. I have read a lot on the subject but still learned some new things from this book. I can't wait until the author comes out with the second yoga breathing book! I need to apply this knowledge like now. Buy this book before you even think about joining a yoga class or doing it at home!

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• Sales Rank: #735098 in Books
• Published on: 2008-09-15
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 6.10" h x 1.80" w x 9.20" l, 2.51 pounds
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Oxford learners thesaurus
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A former Wall Street quant sounds an alarm on the mathematical models that pervade modern life - and threaten to rip apart our social fabric

We live in the age of the algorithm. Increasingly the decisions that affect our lives - where we go to school, whether we get a car loan, how much we pay for health insurance - are being made not by humans but by mathematical models. In theory this should lead to greater fairness: Everyone is judged according to the same rules, and bias is eliminated.

But as Cathy O'Neil reveals in this urgent and necessary book, the opposite is true. The models being used today are opaque, unregulated, and uncontestable even when they're wrong. Most troublingly, they reinforce discrimination: If a poor student can't get a loan because a lending model deems him too risky (by virtue of his zip code), he's then cut off from the kind of education that could pull him out of poverty, and a vicious spiral ensues. Models are propping up the lucky and punishing the downtrodden, creating a "toxic cocktail for democracy". Welcome to the dark side of big data.

Tracing the arc of a person's life, O'Neil exposes the black-box models that shape our future, both as individuals and as a society. These "weapons of math destruction" score teachers and students, sort résumés, grant (or deny) loans, evaluate workers, target voters, set paroles, and monitor our health.

O'Neil calls on modelers to take more responsibility for their algorithms and on policy makers to regulate their use. But in the end, it's up to us to become savvier about the models that govern our lives. This important book empowers us to ask the tough questions, uncover the truth, and demand change.

• Sales Rank: #1040 in Audible
• Published on: 2016-09-06
• Released on: 2016-09-06
• Format: Unabridged
• Original language: English
• Running time: 383 minutes

Most helpful customer reviews

86 of 90 people found the following review helpful.
Stop Using Math as a Weapon
By Amazon Customer
So here you are on Amazon's web page, reading about Cathy O'Neil's new book, Weapons of Math Destruction. Amazon hopes you buy the book (and so do I, it's great!). But Amazon also hopes it can sell you some other books while you're here. That's why, in a prominent place on the page, you see a section entitled:

Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought

This section is Amazon's way of using what it knows -- which book you're looking at, and sales data collected across all its customers -- to recommend other books that you might be interested in. It's a very simple, and successful, example of a predictive model: data goes in, some computation happens, a prediction comes out. What makes this a good model? Here are a few things:

1. It uses relevant input data.The goal is to get people to buy books, and the input to the model is what books people buy. You can't expect to get much more relevant than that.
2. It's transparent. You know exactly why the site is showing you these particular books, and if the system recommends a book you didn't expect, you have a pretty good idea why. That means you can make an informed decision about whether or not to trust the recommendation.
3. There's a clear measure of success and an embedded feedback mechanism. Amazon wants to sell books. The model succeeds if people click on the books they're shown, and, ultimately, if they buy more books, both of which are easy to measure. If clicks on or sales of related items go down, Amazon will know, and can investigate and adjust the model accordingly.

Weapons of Math Destruction reviews, in an accessible, non-technical way, what makes models effective -- or not. The emphasis, as you might guess from the title, is on models with problems. The book highlights many important ideas; here are just a few:

1. Models are more than just math. Take a look at Amazon's model above: while there are calculations (simple ones) embedded, it's people who decide what data to use, how to use it, and how to measure success. Math is not a final arbiter, but a tool to express, in a scalable (i.e., computable) way, the values that people explicitly decide to emphasize. Cathy says that "models are opinions expressed in mathematics" (or computer code). She highlights that when we evaluate teachers based on students' test scores, or assess someone's insurability as a driver based on their credit record, we are expressing opinions: that a successful teacher should boost test scores, or that responsible bill-payers are more likely to be responsible drivers.

2. Replacing what you really care about with what you can easily get your hands on can get you in trouble. In Amazon's recommendation model, we want to predict book sales, and we can use book sales as inputs; that's a good thing. But what if you can't directly measure what you're interested in? In the early 1980's, the magazine US News wanted to report on college quality. Unable to measure quality directly, the magazine built a model based on proxies, primarily outward markers of success, like selectivity and alumni giving. Predictably, college administrators, eager to boost their ratings, focused on these markers rather than on education quality itself. For example, to boost selectivity, they encouraged more students, even unqualified ones, to apply. This is an example of gaming the model.

3. Historical data is stuck in the past. Typically, predictive models use past history to predict future behavior. This can be problematic when part of the intention of the model is to break with the past. To take a very simple example, imagine that Cathy is about to publish a sequel to Weapons of Math Destruction. If Amazon uses only purchase data, the Customers Who Bought This Also Bought list would completely miss the connection between the original and the sequel. This means that if we don't want the future to look just like the past, our models need to use more than just history as inputs. A chapter about predictive models in hiring is largely devoted to this idea. A company may think that its past, subjective hiring system overlooks qualified candidates, but if it replaces the HR department with a model that sifts through resumes based only on the records of past hires, it may just be codifying (pun intended) past practice. A related idea is that, in this case, rather than adding objectivity, the model becomes a shield that hides discrimination. This takes us back to Models are more than just math and also leads to the next point:

4. Transparency matters! If a book you didn't expect shows up on The Customers Who Bought This Also Bought list, it's pretty easy for Amazon to check if it really belongs there. The model is pretty easy to understand and audit, which builds confidence and also decreases the likelihood that it gets used to obfuscate. An example of a very different story is the value added model for teachers, which evaluates teachers through their students' standardized test scores. Among its other drawbacks, this model is especially opaque in practice, both because of its complexity and because many implementations are built by outsiders. Models need to be openly assessed for effectiveness, and when teachers receive bad scores without knowing why, or when a single teacher's score fluctuates dramatically from year to year without explanation, it's hard to have any faith in the process.

5. Models don't just measure reality, but sometimes amplify it, or create their own. Put another way, models of human behavior create feedback loops, often becoming self-fulfilling prophecies. There are many examples of this in the book, especially focusing on how models can amplify economic inequality. To take one example, a company in the center of town might notice that workers with longer commutes tend to turn over more frequently, and adjust its hiring model to focus on job candidates who can afford to live in town. This makes it easier for wealthier candidates to find jobs than poorer ones, and perpetuates a cycle of inequality. There are many other examples: predictive policing, prison sentences based on recidivism, e-scores for credit. Cathy talks about a trade-off between efficiency and fairness, and, as you can again guess from the title, argues for fairness as an explicit value in modeling.

Weapons of Math Destruction is not a math book, and it is not investigative journalism. It is short -- you can read it in an afternoon -- and it doesn't have time or space for either detailed data analysis (there are no formulas or graphs) or complete histories of the models she considers. Instead, Cathy sketches out the models quickly, perhaps with an individual anecdote or two thrown in, so she can get to the main point -- getting people, especially non-technical people, used to questioning models. As more and more aspects of our lives fall under the purview of automated data analysis, that's a hugely important undertaking.

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Models without Morality
By Graham Webster
This is a well written book about the data science algorithms that can influence our lives. If all they were responsible for was recommending other books we might be interested in reading, then the topic wouldn't be very important. However, they influence an increasing number of areas in our lives, from insurance pricing, college admissions to hiring decisions, so it is important that the assumptions that underlay these models be explicit and transparent. That's mostly not the case, and in fact, many models take into account data for which it is not legal for a human to take account of. The black box nature of these models is a concern.

I think O'Neil makes a solid argument against the unregulated use of these black box models in society.

O'Neil touches on the issue of the lack of ethics in the tech industry, where smart people are focused on making money and lose sight of the negative impact their work has on much of society.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Personally I would have liked to see some of the types of algorithms that ...
By Peter
Well written, with no math needed to understand the problems with bias, discrimination and injustice that Cathy exposes. Personally I would have liked to see some of the types of algorithms that Cathy describes, but that's because I was a math major in college - and that's the only reason I didn't give it 5 stars.

The examples of school teachers being judged on invalid assessments, and likely cheating of the system by other teachers to make sure they don't get fired really hit home as to how bad the mathematical formulas can be in deciding who gets or keeps a job. I'm familiar with the hiring algorithm practices of one of the companies Cathy describes in her book, and I heard the flip side of the rejection process from one of its employees. Supposedly after taking the psychological application test, if a candidate does really well, an alert is sent to the hiring manager in real time to go meet the candidate to offer them a job before they leave the building. I hope the pending class action lawsuit she describes against this company succeeds because there is obvious discrimination going on in the hiring of applicants and many large corporations now use this same employment screening software.

Cathy exposes injustices to average people in many ways they live in our world, from education to employment, credit and financial dealings. Her final chapter is a call for reform of hidden practices that rely on fuzzy math algorithms. It is very important that we can see and understand how decisions are being made about our future, and on what information those decisions are based. If bad data is being used we should be able to correct that. This is definitely needed in the same way that consumers can get to see their credit reports, and report errors to get them corrected.

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